diff --git a/app/templates/app/dashboard.html b/app/templates/app/dashboard.html
index cdd47b7..ce63289 100644
--- a/app/templates/app/dashboard.html
+++ b/app/templates/app/dashboard.html
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@
             </div>
             <div class="col-6 col-md-6">
                 <div class="stat-card text-center">
-                    <div class="stat-value">{{ unique_devices_total }}</div>
-                    <div class="stat-label">Geräte insgesamt <small class="text-muted">(eindeutig)</small></div>
+                    <div class="stat-value">{{ users_total }}</div>
+                    <div class="stat-label">Nutzer insgesamt <small class="text-muted">(als App installiert)</small></div>
                 </div>
             </div>
         </div>
@@ -59,20 +59,20 @@
         <div class="row g-3 mb-3">
             <div class="col-6 col-md-4">
                 <div class="stat-card text-center">
-                    <div class="stat-value">{{ devices_today }}</div>
-                    <div class="stat-label">Geräte heute</div>
+                    <div class="stat-value">{{ users_today }}</div>
+                    <div class="stat-label">Nutzer heute</div>
                 </div>
             </div>
             <div class="col-6 col-md-4">
                 <div class="stat-card text-center">
-                    <div class="stat-value">{{ devices_7d }}</div>
-                    <div class="stat-label">Geräte (7 Tage)</div>
+                    <div class="stat-value">{{ users_7d }}</div>
+                    <div class="stat-label">Nutzer (7 Tage)</div>
                 </div>
             </div>
             <div class="col-6 col-md-4">
                 <div class="stat-card text-center">
-                    <div class="stat-value">{{ devices_30d }}</div>
-                    <div class="stat-label">Geräte (30 Tage)</div>
+                    <div class="stat-value">{{ users_30d }}</div>
+                    <div class="stat-label">Nutzer (30 Tage)</div>
                 </div>
             </div>
         </div>
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
         <div class="row g-3 mb-3">
             <div class="col-md-6">
                 <div class="stat-card">
-                    <h5>Plattform <small class="text-muted">(eindeutige Geräte)</small></h5>
+                    <h5>Plattform <small class="text-muted">(eindeutige Nutzer)</small></h5>
                     <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0">
                         {% for row in by_platform %}
                         <li class="d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom py-1">
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
             </div>
             <div class="col-md-6">
                 <div class="stat-card">
-                    <h5>Browser <small class="text-muted">(eindeutige Geräte)</small></h5>
+                    <h5>Browser <small class="text-muted">(eindeutige Nutzer)</small></h5>
                     <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0">
                         {% for row in by_browser %}
                         <li class="d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom py-1">
@@ -109,10 +109,12 @@
         </div>
 
         <div class="stat-card mb-3">
-            <h5 class="mb-1">Als App installiert</h5>
+            <h5 class="mb-1">Nutzer vs. Aufrufer</h5>
             <p class="mb-0 text-muted">
-                {{ standalone_count }} von {{ unique_devices_total }} Geräten insgesamt haben
-                PioMint (mindestens einmal als) installierte PWA geöffnet statt im Browser-Tab.
+                <b>{{ users_total }} Nutzer</b> haben PioMint mindestens einmal als installierte PWA
+                (Standalone) geöffnet – das ist echte Nutzung. Weitere
+                <b>{{ visitors_total }} Aufrufer</b> haben die Seite nur im Browser-Tab geöffnet,
+                aber nie installiert; sie fließen oben nicht in die Nutzer-Zahlen ein.
             </p>
         </div>
 
@@ -126,7 +128,7 @@
                             <th>Pings</th>
                             <th>Erster Kontakt</th>
                             <th>Letzter Kontakt</th>
-                            <th>Standalone</th>
+                            <th>Nutzer?</th>
                         </tr>
                     </thead>
                     <tbody>
diff --git a/app/views.py b/app/views.py
index 324ae9f..38fc8fa 100644
--- a/app/views.py
+++ b/app/views.py
@@ -104,15 +104,22 @@ def usage_dashboard(request):
 
     events = UsageEvent.objects.all()
 
+    # "Nutzer" = Gerät hat PioMint mindestens einmal als installierte PWA
+    # (Standalone) geöffnet - nur das ist echte Nutzung. Ein Gerät, das die
+    # Seite nur im Browser-Tab geöffnet hat, ist ein "Aufrufer", kein Nutzer.
+    user_device_ids = events.filter(is_standalone=True).values_list("device_id", flat=True).distinct()
+    users = events.filter(device_id__in=user_device_ids)
+    visitors_total = events.exclude(device_id__in=user_device_ids).values("device_id").distinct().count()
+
     context = {
         "total_connections": events.count(),
-        "unique_devices_total": events.values("device_id").distinct().count(),
-        "devices_today": events.filter(created_at__gte=today_start).values("device_id").distinct().count(),
-        "devices_7d": events.filter(created_at__gte=now - timedelta(days=7)).values("device_id").distinct().count(),
-        "devices_30d": events.filter(created_at__gte=now - timedelta(days=30)).values("device_id").distinct().count(),
-        "standalone_count": events.filter(is_standalone=True).values("device_id").distinct().count(),
-        "by_platform": events.values("platform").annotate(count=Count("device_id", distinct=True)).order_by("-count"),
-        "by_browser": events.values("browser").annotate(count=Count("device_id", distinct=True)).order_by("-count"),
+        "visitors_total": visitors_total,
+        "users_total": user_device_ids.count(),
+        "users_today": users.filter(created_at__gte=today_start).values("device_id").distinct().count(),
+        "users_7d": users.filter(created_at__gte=now - timedelta(days=7)).values("device_id").distinct().count(),
+        "users_30d": users.filter(created_at__gte=now - timedelta(days=30)).values("device_id").distinct().count(),
+        "by_platform": users.values("platform").annotate(count=Count("device_id", distinct=True)).order_by("-count"),
+        "by_browser": users.values("browser").annotate(count=Count("device_id", distinct=True)).order_by("-count"),
         "device_summary": (
             events.values("device_id")
             .annotate(